Great Windmill Street is a thoroughfare running north-south in Soho, London, England. It is dissected by Shaftesbury Avenue. The street took its name from the windmill on the site which was first recorded 1585 and was demolished during the 1690s.[1] In a parliamentary survey of 1658 the mill was described as "well fitted with Staves and other materials".
The area was first developed around 1665 but the building was speculative and of poor quality; this led to a royal proclamation in 1671 which prohibited unlicensed development in "Windmill Fields, Dog Fields and Soho". Later that year Thomas Panton, who was one of the original speculators, was granted a licence to continue his scheme with the condition that it was supervised and directed by Sir Christopher Wren[2] who was then the Surveyor General of the King's Works. By 1682 maps show that both sides of the street were developed along their whole length.
The Red Lion public house was built on the corner of Great Windmill Street and Archer Street circa 1793. In November 1847 the Communist League held their second congress in a room above the bar and it was here that Karl Marx and Frederick Engels submitted their proposals for writing the Communist Manifesto.[3]
In 1767 the Scottish anatomist and physician William Hunter FRS, built a large house at number 16 Great Windmill Street, demolishing an earlier large dwelling to do so. Hunter's house incorporated a large library, a museum and an anatomical theatre. Hunter gave lectures and anatomical demonstrations from the new house, the first taking place on 1 October 1776. After Hunter's death the house continued to be used for medical demonstrations until 1831. The house now forms part of the dressing rooms and stage of the Lyric Theatre.[1]
Great Windmill Street has had a long association with music and entertainment, most notably being the site of the Windmill Theatre where during the 1930s and 1940s Laura Henderson and Vivian Van Damm presented nude tableau vivants. The theatre is now a table dancing club. In the 1940s the first regular paid modern jazz club for London musicians, Club Eleven, was run from a basement in Great Windmill Street involving musicians such as Ronnie Scott, Hank Shaw, Johnny Rogers, Lennie Bush, Tony Crombie and Laurie Morgan.[4]